• Users Online: 3142
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page
Home About us Editorial board Ahead of print Current issue Search Archives Submit article Instructions Subscribe Contacts Login 


 
 Table of Contents  
CASE REPORT
Year : 2016  |  Volume : 7  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 148-153

Treatment of Class II division 2 malocclusion with impacted lower canine


1 Department of Orthodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India
2 Department of Endodontics, Farooqia Dental College and Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India

Date of Web Publication3-Jan-2017

Correspondence Address:
Pratik Patel
Department of Orthodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/2349-5243.197464

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

A 15-year-old female presented unilateral Class II molar relation with 90% overbite, retroclined upper central incisors, and impacted lower right canine. Nonextraction treatment was planned to correct deep bite, retroclination of upper central incisors, and unilateral Class II molar relation. Intrusion arch was used to intrude and procline the upper central incisors. Correcting the axial inclination of retroclined incisors caused unlocking of the mandible. This, in turn, leads to simultaneous correction of class II molar relation. The vertical loop was used to disimpact canine. Posttreatment incisors inclination was corrected, bilateral Class I molar relation was achieved, and canine had erupted in its position. The smile arc was improved along with mentolabial sulcus and nasolabial angle.

Keywords: Class II division 2; deep bite; impacted canine; intrusion arch.


How to cite this article:
Patel P, Shanthraj R, Garg N, Vallakati A, Ashwini B. Treatment of Class II division 2 malocclusion with impacted lower canine. Int J Orthod Rehabil 2016;7:148-53

How to cite this URL:
Patel P, Shanthraj R, Garg N, Vallakati A, Ashwini B. Treatment of Class II division 2 malocclusion with impacted lower canine. Int J Orthod Rehabil [serial online] 2016 [cited 2024 Mar 28];7:148-53. Available from: https://www.orthodrehab.org/text.asp?2016/7/4/148/197464


  Introduction Top


Class II malocclusion is a frequently observed clinical problem, occurring in about 10% of Indian population. [1],[2],[3] Many investigators have pointed out that a Class II molar relation occurs in a variety of skeletal and dental configurations. [4],[5],[6],[7] Class II division 2 malocclusion is characterized by a Class II molar relation coupled with retroclination of central incisors and overlapping by the lateral incisors. [8] High lower lip line may be the cause of retroclination of upper central incisors in Class II division 2 malocclusion. Moorrees et al., [9] Buschang et al., [10] and Walkow and Peck [11] all concluded that Class II division 2 malocclusion shows reduced intercanine width in the lower arch. This may cause impaction of the canine in many cases due to inadequate space. This malocclusion shows a high genetic tendency [12],[13] and is often associated with small-sized teeth. [14] Basdra concluded that Class II division 2 malocclusions are closely associated with peg-shaped lateral incisors, impacted canines, hypodontia, and transpositions. [15] These cases are usually characterized by severe, traumatic deep overbite with lingually inclined maxillary incisors. The first step of treatment in such cases is usually to start correcting the deep bite by intrusion and proclination of the incisors, extrusion of the molars, or both. [16] Class II malocclusions can be managed with diverse treatment methods such as functional appliances, extraoral traction, fixed appliances, extraction procedures, and surgery. [17] This case report describes nonextraction treatment approach of a Class II division 2 subdivision malocclusion with impacted lower canine.


  Case Report Top


A 15-year-old female reported with the chief complaint that her upper front teeth are irregularly placed. She was also concerned about her missing lower right canine. During the questionnaire, the patient revealed that her parents presented with a similar malocclusion. No relevant medical history was reported. The clinical examination showed mild convex facial profile, horizontal growth pattern, and competent lips [Figure 1]. Intraoral examination showed retroclined upper central incisors and malformed lateral incisors. The lower right canine was missing. The patient presented an Angle's Class I molar relation on the left side, end-on molar relation on the right side, and 90% deep bite. The lower incisors were elongated, and the curve of Spee was steepened by 4 mm [Figure 2]. Panoramic radiograph showed the presence of 32 teeth without bone loss. It indicated that the lower right canine was vertically impacted. A lateral cephalometric analysis [Table 1] revealed retrognathic maxilla with SNA - 78°, retrognathic mandible with SNB - 77°, a skeletal Class I jaw base relationship with ANB - 1°, and Wits appraisal 0.5 mm. The effective mandibular length (Co-Me) was 106 mm and GO GN-SN 19° indicative of a horizontal growth pattern. Upper incisors were lingually inclined with U1 - SN 99°. Lower incisors were inclined ideally over the basal bone with L1 - MP 93° [Figure 3].
Figure 1: Pretreatment extraoral photographs

Click here to view
Figure 2: Pretreatment intraoral photographs

Click here to view
Figure 3: Pretreatment orthopantomogram and lateral cephalogram

Click here to view
Table 1: Cephalometric findings


Click here to view


Diagnosis and treatment objectives

The case was diagnosed as an Angle's Class II division 2 subdivision malocclusion on Class I skeletal jaw bases with a severe deep overbite. The treatment objectives included improvement of the deep overbite by means of leveling the upper and lower arches, disimpaction of the lower right canine, correction of end-on molar relation on the right side, and attainment of an esthetically pleasing profile and functionally stable occlusion.

Treatment plan

The treatment plan was nonextraction with MBT appliance to align and level the arches. Class II division 2 malocclusions requires correction of interincisal angle, to achieve class I incisor relationship and stable overbite relation. Intrusion arch was planned in the upper arch to correct extruded and retroclined upper central incisors. The vertical loop would be used for forced orthodontic extrusion of lower right canine after creating space. Bondable lingual retainer was decided for posttreatment stability.

Treatment progress

MBT appliance 0.022 × 0.028˝ slots (Ormco, Glandora, CA, USA) were used. Anchorage was enhanced by transpalatal arch placed on banded maxillary first molars. Alignment and leveling in the maxilla were accomplished with the following sequence of arch wires: (a) 0.016 heat-activated nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires, (b) 0.018 stainless steel archwires, and (c) 0.017 × 0.025 stainless steel archwires. After 3 months of alignment, 0.018 stainless steel intrusion arch was placed in the upper arch to level the maxillary central incisors and correct deep bite [Figure 4]. Fifty grams of force was used to intrude central incisors. After deep overbite correction, MBT brackets were bonded on the mandibular dentition. After initial alignment and leveling, space was opened for the lower right canine using NiTi open coil springs on 0.017 × 0.025 stainless steel archwires. The impacted canine was exposed by surgical means, and a bondable button was placed. Orthodontic traction was applied after 2 weeks of exposure, and a vertical loop made of 0.018 stainless steel was used to apply extrusive forces on the canine [Figure 5]. Both the arches were coordinated on 0.019 × 0.025 stainless steel archwires. Palatal root torque of 11 and 21 was incorporated in 0.021 × 0.025˝ titanium molybdenum alloy archwires to correct torque of upper incisors. Finishing was accomplished on 0.021 × 0.025˝ braided stainless steel arch wires. Gingivotomy was performed before bracket removal to improve the gingival contour of 11 and 21. Composite restorations of incisor crowns were done to achieve ideal height-width ratio. At the debond visit, bonded lingual retainers were placed. The patient is being followed every 6 months for follow-up.
Figure 4: Incisor intrusion arch in maxillary arch

Click here to view
Figure 5: Lower canine traction by vertical loop

Click here to view


Treatment results

The total active treatment period was 20 months. The treatment objectives set in the pretreatment planning were achieved. The retroclined incisors, overbite, and steep curve of Spee were corrected. The lower right canine was disimpacted and brought into the occlusion. The end on molar relation was corrected into a Class I molar relation on the right side. The mandibular plane angle and lower anterior facial height showed minimal changes [Figure 6]. The posttreatment models, X-ray, photographs showed axial inclination of upper and lower incisors corrected [Figure 7], [Figure 8] and [Figure 9]. The posttreatment orthopantomogram showed parallelism of roots. The gingival-tooth relationship was improved for the upper central incisors. Overall micro esthetics were achieved after gingivotomy and composite restoration of 12, 21, and 22. At the end of treatment, the patient had a harmonious profile and functionally stable occlusion, along with a pleasing smile and improved smile arc.
Figure 6: Posttreatment extraoral photographs

Click here to view
Figure 7: Posttreatment intraoral photographs

Click here to view
Figure 8: Posttreatment orthopantomogram and lateral cephalogram

Click here to view
Figure 9: Superimposition

Click here to view



  Discussion Top


Class II division 2 malocclusion is characterized by permanent mandibular incisors occluding posterior to the cingulum of retroclined permanent maxillary incisors. [18] It frequently presents with reduced overjet and increased overbite. Classically, the permanent maxillary central incisors are retroclined and the maxillary lateral incisors are proclined and mesiolabially rotated. The position and shape of the lower lip to the maxillary incisors have been implicated as the principal etiological factor in the development and relapse of Class II division 2 malocclusion. [19],[20],[21],[22],[23],[24] Combination of hyperactivity of the labial musculature and a higher resting lip line is thought to cause maxillary incisor retroclination. [24],[25] A reduced crown-root angle (collum angle) has been reported for the upper incisors in class II division 2 malocclusions, which can contribute to their characteristic inclination. [26],[27] Class II division 2 may show polygenic inheritance and associated with various anomalies such as peg-shaped lateral incisors, transposition, and malformed teeth. [12],[28] Most of the class II division 2 malocclusions manifest with a severe deep bite. Various treatment options and appliance designs have been advocated for the correction of excessive overbite. [29],[30] According to Nanda, the correction of deep overbite can be achieved by four types of tooth movement, i.e., intrusion of incisors, proclination of anterior teeth, extrusion of posterior teeth, and surgical methods. [31] Extrusion of posterior teeth results in increasing the lower anterior facial height, clockwise rotation of the mandible, which may worsen class II molar relationship and retrognathic profile. [32] Deep bite was corrected by intrusion and proclination of upper central incisor in this case.

In cases presenting during the growth period, the forward growth of the mandible can be used to improve the anteroposterior discrepancy with the maintenance of an adequate vertical skeletal relationship. However, adult patients no longer experience catch-up growth and often need a surgical approach for sagittal correction. [33],[34] In many cases, the mandible gets locked in its backward position due to severe deep bite. Correcting the axial inclination of retroclined incisors causes unlocking of the mandible. This, in turn, leads to simultaneous correction of class II molar relation. The increased overbite predisposes to a reduced lower intercanine width, which may be the cause of canine impaction in this case.

In our case, we corrected axial inclination of retroclined upper central incisors which allowed mandible to unlock the mandible and moved it in the forward direction. This got Class II molar relation into Class I relation. To promote stability, the interincisal angle requires correction by placing the incisal edge of the mandibular incisors anterior to the midpoint or centroid of the upper incisor roots; [35] this was achieved in this case.


  Conclusion Top


The shape and position of the lips in Class II division 2 malocclusion not only affect incisor inclinations but can also complicate orthodontic mechanotherapy and posttreatment stability. Deep bite correction helps in unlocking of mandible which corrects Class II molar relation. The interincisal angle must be normalized which gives long-term treatment stability.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
  References Top

1.
Sridharan K, Udupa V, Srinivas H, Kumar S, Sandbhor S. Prevalence of class II malocclusion in Tumkur population. J Dent Sci Res 2011;2:1-5.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Peter S. Epidemiology, etiology and classification of malocclusion. In: Preventive and Community Dentistry. 3 rd ed. New Delhi: Arya Publishing House; 2006.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Das UM, Venkatsubramanian, Reddy D. Prevalence of malocclusion among school children in Bangalore, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2008;1:10-2.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Brunelle JA, Bhat M, Lipton JA. Prevalence and distribution of selected occlusal characteristics in the US population, 1988-1991. J Dent Res 1996;75:706-13.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Proffit WR, Fields HW Jr., Moray LJ. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: Estimates from the NHANES III survey. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1998;13:97-106.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Angle EH. Treatment of Malocclusion of the Teeth. Philadelphia: SS White; 1907.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Case CS Principles of occlusion and dento-facial relation. Dent Items Interest 1905;27:489-527.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Pancherz H, Zieber K, Hoyer B. Cephalometric characteristics of class II division 1 and class II division 2 malocclusions: A comparative study in children. Angle Orthod 1997;67:111-20.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Moorrees CF, Gron AM, Lebret LM, Yen PK, Fröhlich FJ. Growth studies of the dentition: A review. Am J Orthod 1969;55:600-16.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Buschang PH, Stroud J, Alexander RG. Differences in dental arch morphology among adult females with untreated class I and class II malocclusion. Eur J Orthod 1994;16:47-52.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Walkow TM, Peck S. Dental arch width in class II division 2 deep-bite malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002;122:608-13.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Basdra EK, Kiokpasoglou M, Stellzig A. The class II division 2 craniofacial type is associated with numerous congenital tooth anomalies. Eur J Orthod 2000;22:529-35.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M. Class II division 2 malocclusion: A heritable pattern of small teeth in well-developed jaws. Angle Orthod 1998;68:9-20.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Marcovic MD. At the crossroads of orofacial genetics. Eur J Orthod 1992;14:469-81.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Mossey PA. The heritability of malocclusion: Part 2. The influence of genetics in malocclusion. Br J Orthod 1999;26:195-203.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Haraguchi S, Yamashiro T. Treatment of adult class II division 2 patient with metal hypersensitivity. Angle Orthod 2014;84:902-9.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Tausche E, Harzer W. Treatment of a patient with class II malocclusion, impacted maxillary canine with a dilacerated root, and peg-shaped lateral incisors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2008;133:762-70.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
British Standards Institute. British Standard Incisor Classification. Glossary of Dental Terms, BS 4492. London, UK: British Standards Institute; 1983.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Ridley DR. Some factors concerned with the reduction of excessive overbite in Angle's class II division 2 malocclusion. Trans Br Soc Study Orthod 1960;118-40.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Nicol WA. The lower lip and the upper incisor teeth in Angle's class II division 2 malocclusion. Dent Pract 1963;14:179-82.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Posen AL. The influence of maximum perioral and tongue force on the incisor teeth. Angle Orthod 1972;42:285-309.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Mills JR. The problem of overbite in class II, division 2 malocclusion. Br J Orthod 1973;1:34-48.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Fletcher GG. The retroclined upper incisor. Br J Orthod 1975;2:207-16.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Luffingham JK. The lower lip and the maxillary central incisor. Eur J Orthod 1982;4:263-8.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Karlsen AT. Craniofacial characteristics in children with Angle class II div 2 malocclusion combined with extreme deep bite. Angle Orthod 1994;64:123-30.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Srinivasan B, Kailasam V, Chitharanjan A, Ramalingam A. Relationship between crown-root angulation (collum angle) of maxillary central incisors in class II, division 2 malocclusion and lower lip line. Orthodontics (Chic.) 2013;14:e66-74.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
McIntyre GT, Millett DT. Crown-root shape of the permanent maxillary central incisor. Angle Orthod 2003;73:710-5.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Basdra EK, Kiokpasoglou MN, Komposch G. Congenital tooth anomalies and malocclusions: A genetic link? Eur J Orthod 2001;23:145-51.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Sana S, Bansal A, Sami L, Tapashetti R, Gaikwad S. Anterior deep bite malocclusion treated with connecticut intrusion arch: Biomechanical consideration. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8:ZD30-2.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Kim SH, Park YG, Chung K. Severe class II anterior deep bite malocclusion treated with a C-lingual retractor. Angle Orthod 2004;74:280-5.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
Nanda R. Correction of deep overbite in adults. Dent Clin North Am 1997;41:67-87.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
Nanda R. Biomechanics and Esthetic Stratergies in Orthodontics. Copyright 2005. St. Louis, Missouri Elsevier Inc.; 2005. 34. Proffit WR, Fields HW, Sarver DM, editors. Contemporary Orthodontics. 4 th ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby Elsevier; 2007.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.
Burstone CR. Deep overbite correction by intrusion. Am J Orthod 1977;72:1-22.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.
Proffit WR, Fields HW, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. 5 th ed. Copyright 2013. St Louis, MO: Mosby, Elsevier; 2013.  Back to cited text no. 34
    
35.
Houston WJ. Incisor edge-centroid relationships and overbite depth. Eur J Orthod 1989;11:139-43.  Back to cited text no. 35
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1]


This article has been cited by
1 Relationship Between Crown-to-Root Angulation of Maxillary Central Incisor and Lower Lip Line In Different Malocclusions
Sameera Jamshed Ali Khan, Zubair Hassan Awaisi, Zubair Ahmed
Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences. 2023; : 196
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Case Report
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed9300    
    Printed549    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded747    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 1    

Recommend this journal


[TAG2]
[TAG3]
[TAG4]