Halitosis denotes the offensive odor of breath. The condition frequently causes embarrassment, may affect interpersonal social communication, and has also become an important market for pharmacological and cosmetic industries. A recent study reveals a prevalence rate of 21.7%–35.3% for halitosis among Indian dental students. The effect of orthodontic treatment, be it fixed or removable appliance therapy on the rate of halitosis is substantial. This article is an attempt to throw light on the various determinants of halitosis during orthodontic therapy and also presents few tips for better breath during the same.

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Ever since the advent of orthodontic therapy, time required for orthodontic treatment has always been under the scanner. Various studies have been done solely for the purpose of decreasing the treatment time. Few methods were invasive while others are not successful enough in accelerating the treatment time. One of the latest methods to accelerate orthodontic treatment is the use of high-frequency small-magnitude vibrations at specific locations. Various animal studies have already been carried out to enhance the methods used to increase orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and in turn decrease the treatment time. Electronic databases of PubMed library were searched from 1998 to 2018. Ten clinical studies were evaluated after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. It was concluded that high-frequency low-magnitude vibrations can increase OTM by activation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand pathway and stimulating the periodontal tissues.

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Objectives: This study aimed to determine the position of the incisors and its effects on the profile, identify any possible gender differences, and compare the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth positions between participants of short, average, and long faces. Materials and Methods: This study comprised cephalometric radiographs of 82 participants (male: 42, female: 40) with a mean age of 21.9 ± 2.8 years. The participants were divided into three groups: short face group: Frankfort mandibular plane angle (FMA) <25°, average face group: FMA ≥25°–<30°, and long face group: FMA ≥30°. Seven linear and eight angular measurements were measured and compared between the three groups. Results: No gender differences were found. The short face participants tend to have more proclined lower incisors, more protruded chin, more mandibular incisor display, and more retrusive upper lip position than the average and long face groups. Conclusions: The short face participants tend to have more proclined lower incisor, more protruded chin, a more mandibular incisor display, and more retrusive upper lip position than the average face and long face groups.

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Objective of the Study: This study aimed to study the cephalometric features of Jordanian patients diagnosed with ß-thalassemia major and compare their dental development with their chronological age. Subjects and Methods: This was a case–control study. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 27 thalassemia patients and controls (matched for age and ethnic origin) were analyzed and compared. Panoramic radiographs of 18 thalassemia patients were analyzed by the Demirjian system to assess their dental development and compare with their chronological age using t-test, with P < 0.05 set as the level of statistical significance. Results: Thalassemia patients exhibited a highly significant difference, compared to the controls, in sagittal relationship (ANB), mandibular plane inclination (MxP/MnP), anterior rotation of the maxilla (SN/Mxp), the ratio of posterior to anterior face height, and the upper incisors' distance to the maxillary base (P < 0.005). Prominent upper and lower lips (P < 0.001) and an acute nasolabial angle (P < 0.05) were evident in thalassemia patients compared to controls. Thalassemia patients had a delay in dental development with advancing age. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant correlation (P < 0.001) between the extent of this delay and chronological age, which indicates that the delay increases, as the patient gets older. Conclusions: Jordanian ß-thalassemia major patients have a Class II skeletal pattern, a prominent vertical growth direction of the mandible, protruded upper and lower lips, and proclined upper incisors. Furthermore, they have a delay in dental development with advancing age.

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Background: In the field of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, for treatment of malocclusion, diagnosis of facial skeletal type is one of the important aspects. Sometimes, cephalograms are not enough to determine the facial skeletal pattern. Hence, the relationship between sella turcica and other facial skeletal patterns can guide us to determine the proper facial skeletal type and can also help in treatment planning. Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate the normalcy of the dimensions of sella turcica and comparison of the relationship of sella turcica with different skeletal malocclusions. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 pretreatment digital lateral cephalograms were selected according to the criteria and grouped into 3 groups: Group 1: Class I (n = 30), Group 2: Class II (n = 30), and Group 3: Class III (n = 30). Lateral cephalograms were traced and studied on the basis of sella turcica. The following linear measurements were recorded: length, depth, and diameter of the sella. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were subjected to descriptive analysis for mean and standard deviation of all variables and ranges. ANOVA and a post hoc test (Bonferroni and Sidak) were used for multiple comparisons. P <0.05 was considered as the level for statistically significant data. Results: The linear measurements of length and diameter showed statistically significant differences in Class I, Class II, and Class III (P = 0.005). However, depth showed no statistically significant difference in the groups. Conclusions: The importance of sella turcica is established and normalcy is set by statistical analysis, and the standard values are given for the dimensions of the sella turcica. This can be used for further analysis and reference standards for the Indian population. The length and diameter were statistically significant with different groups. The largest value was given in Class III.

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Aims: The study aims to investigate the normal dimensions of the frontal sinus and determine the role of the frontal sinus in various skeletal malocclusions and also to analyze the relationship between the length of the mandible and frontal sinus dimension. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 lateral cephalograms were selected according to the criteria and were grouped mainly into three groups: Group 1 – Class I (N = 40), Group 2 – Class II (n = 40), and Group 3 – Class III (n = 40). These were traced and analyzed by recording the linear measurements such as maximum width, maximum height, area of frontal sinus region, and the length of the mandible. To compare the difference between the skeletal classes, one-way ANOVA test was performed followed by post hoc with Sidak and Bonferroni statistical tests. Results: There was no such significant difference in the measurements of maximum width, height, and area of frontal sinus region of classes I, II, and III. Conclusions: After analyzing the linear dimensions, we found out that there is a significant difference in height, width, and area of the frontal sinus region with respect to classes I, II, and III. Therefore, we can say that the frontal sinus plays a significant role in depicting skeletal malocclusions.

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Bonding is the most published and researched procedure in orthodontics. Since its inception in 1954 by Buonocore, bonding material and technique have undergone major innovations and upgrading. Self-cured bonding materials were truly replaced with light cure ones, which provide an added advantage of controlled curing time and ease of operation. The light cure bonding material needs a specific light cure device for its curing. These devices have also undergone major changes in the past years. Halogen light cure devices were replaced by plasma arc, and recently, market is now flooded with light emitting diode light cure devices. However, literature search failed to reveal any review on this aspect. Hence, the author felt the need to review this untrodden topic. This article deals in detail with the various light cure devices used in orthodontics.

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Cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients struggle from multiple limitations, both functionally and esthetically, impeding their social and psychological development. These patients adapt fairly to the functional requirements, but esthetic aspect is always compromised, which play a significant role in their overall development and their acceptance in the society. Early rehabilitation of the esthetic component in the form of replacement of the missing anterior teeth has a positive impact on the quality of life of these patients, which is usually neglected in the early phase of orthodontic treatment. This paper attempts to address the esthetic aspect of CLP patient with a clinical modification of conventional treatment modality.

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